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महिलाओं में फर्टिलाइजेशन प्रोसेस कैसे काम करता है
महिलाओं में फर्टिलाइजेशन तीन चरण से होता है। एस्ट्रोजेन और प्रोजेस्टेरोन ओवम के विकास और परिपक्वता को नियंत्रित करता है। ओव्यूलेशन से एक या दो दिन के लिए फॉलिकल प्रोजेस्टेरोन का उत्पादन शुरू करता है।
फर्टिलाइजेशन स्पर्म और ओवम के संलयन की प्रक्रिया है जो एक दूसरे जीवन की शुरूआत करने में मदद करते हैं। शुक्राणु मेल गैमेट(नर युग्मक) है और एग फिमेल गैमेट(मादा युग्मक) है। फर्टिलाइजेशन तब शुरू होता है जब शुक्राणु एक ओओसाइट के साथ संपर्क में आता है। ज्योगोट(फर्टिलाइजेशन के बाद नए सेल्स का उत्पादन) दो में विभाजित होती है। फिर 4, 8, 16 कोशिकाओं में विभाजित होती है और आखिरकार वह एक बच्चे को जन्म देता है। [ये भी पढ़ें: जानिये क्या है पुरुषों में होने वाली रेट्रोग्रेड एजाकुलेशन की समस्या]
हर एक ऑक्वुलेटरी साइकल में हर 14 दिनों में अंडाशय से ओवम जारी होता है। महिला हार्मोन एफएसएच और एलएच के प्रभाव में एस्ट्रोजेन और प्रोजेस्टेरोन ओवम के विकास और परिपक्वता को नियंत्रित करता है। प्रत्येक मेंस्ट्रुअल साइकल में प्री-ओव्युलेट्री फेज, ओव्युलेट्री फेज और मासिक धर्म का चरण होता है।
प्री-ओव्युलेट्री फेज:
मासिक धर्म और ओव्यूलेशन के बीच के समय को प्री-ओव्युलेट्री फेज कहा जाता है। इस अवधि में एफएसएच और एलएएच कई गुना बढ़ जाती है। ये हार्मोन प्रत्येक 6-12 ओवेरियन फॉलिकल्स की वृद्धि को बढ़ावा देता है। हालांकि केवल एक फॉलिकल परिपक्व हो जाता है और ग्रैफियन फॉलिकल बन जाता है। यह फॉलिकल एस्ट्रोजेन को बढ़ाने में मदद करता है। ओव्यूलेशन से एक या दो दिन के लिए फॉलिकल प्रोजेस्टेरोन का उत्पादन शुरू करता है। [ये भी पढ़ें: डिप्रेशन कैसे सेक्स लाइफ को प्रभावित कर सकता है]
ओव्सुलेट्री फेज:
एक परिपक्व ग्रैफियन फॉलिकल मेंस्ट्रुअल साइकल के 14 वें दिन के आसपास एक को रिलीज करता है। ओव्यूलेशन के बाद की अवधि को पोस्ट-ऑवलुलेटरी फेज कहा जाता है। रिलीज होने के बाद अंडाशय एक फैलोपियन ट्यूब में प्रवेश करता है और फिर गर्भाशय में जाता है। यदि यह शुक्राणु द्वारा निषेचित होता है, तो यह गर्भाशय में प्रत्यारोपित होता है और भ्रूण में विकसित होने लगता है।
मेंस्ट्रुअल साइकल:
अगर ओवम शुक्राणु द्वारा फर्टिलाइज नहीं होता है तो यूटेरिन में एंडोमेट्रियम डिजेनेरेट होता है और मासिक धर्म के रूप में डिस्चार्ज होता है। प्रत्येक चक्र में मासिक धर्म प्रवाह 50-150 मिलीमीटर होता है। मासिक प्रवाह में रक्त, टिशू फ्लूइड, एन्डोमेट्रियम और कोशिकाएं शामिल होती हैं। [ये भी पढ़ें: पीरियड्स ना होने पर भी दर्द, क्या हो सकते हैं कारण]
Where are the ovaries?
Artwork of the female reproductive system, showing the location of the ovaries.Artwork of the female reproductive system, showing the location of the ovaries.
The ovaries form part of the female reproductive system. Each woman has two ovaries. They are oval in shape, about four centimetres long and lie on either side of the womb (uterus) against the wall of the pelvis in a region known as the ovarian fossa. They are held in place by ligaments attached to the womb but are not directly attached to the rest of the female reproductive tract, e.g. the fallopian tubes.
What do the ovaries do?
The ovaries have two main reproductive functions in the body. They produce oocytes (eggs) for fertilisation and they produce the reproductive hormones, oestrogen and progesterone. The function of the ovaries is controlled by gonadotrophin-releasing hormone released from nerve cells in the hypothalamus which send their messages to the pituitary gland to produce luteinising hormone and follicle stimulating hormone. These are carried in the bloodstream to control the menstrual cycle.
The ovaries release an egg (oocyte) at the midway point of each menstrual cycle. Usually, only a single oocyte from one ovary is released during each menstrual cycle, with each ovary taking an alternate turn in releasing an egg. A female baby is born with all the eggs that she will ever have.This is estimated to be around two million, but by the time a girl reaches puberty, this number has decreased to about 400,000 eggs stored in her ovaries. From puberty to the menopause, only about 400–500 eggs will reach maturity, be released from the ovary (in a process called ovulation) and be capable of being fertilised in the fallopian tubes/uterine tube/oviduct of the female reproductive tract.
The ovarian phases of a 28-day menstrual cycle. Ovulation occurs mid-cycle.
The ovarian phases of a 28-day menstrual cycle. Ovulation occurs mid-cycle.
In the ovary, all eggs are initially enclosed in a single layer of cells known as a follicle, which supports the egg. Over time, these eggs begin to mature so that one is released from the ovary in each menstrual cycle. As the eggs mature, the cells in the follicle rapidly divide and the follicle becomes progressively larger. Many follicles lose the ability to function during this process, which can take several months, but one dominates in each menstrual cycle and the egg it contains is released at ovulation.
As the follicles develop, they produce the hormone oestrogen. Once the egg has been released at ovulation, the empty follicle that is left in the ovary is called the corpus luteum. This then releases the hormones progesterone (in a higher amount) and oestrogen (in a lower amount). These hormones prepare the lining of the uterus for potential pregnancy (in the event of the released egg being fertilised). If the released egg is not fertilised and pregnancy does not occur during a menstrual cycle, the corpus luteum breaks down and the secretion of oestrogen and progesterone stops. Because these hormones are no longer present, the lining of the womb starts to fall away and is removed from the body through menstruation. After menstruation, another cycle begins.
The menopause refers to the ending of a woman's reproductive years following her last menstruation. This is caused by the loss of all the remaining follicles in the ovary that contain eggs. When there are no more follicles or eggs, the ovary no longer secretes the hormones oestrogen and progesterone, which regulate the menstrual cycle. As a result, menstruation ceases.
What hormones do the ovaries produce?
The major hormones secreted by the ovaries are oestrogen and progesterone, both important hormones in the menstrual cycle. Oestrogen production dominates in the first half of the menstrual cycle before ovulation, and progesterone production dominates during the second half of the menstrual cycle when the corpus luteum has formed. Both hormones are important in preparing the lining of the womb for pregnancy and the implantation of a fertilised egg, or embryo.
If conception occurs during any one menstrual cycle, the corpus luteum does not lose its ability to function and continues to secrete oestrogen and progesterone, allowing the embryo to implant in the lining of the womb and form a placenta. At this point, development of the foetus begins.
What could go wrong with the ovaries?
Any medical conditions that stop the ovaries functioning properly can decrease a woman's fertility.
The ovaries naturally stop functioning at the time of menopause. This occurs in most women around the age of 50. If this happens earlier, before the age of 40, it is called premature ovarian failure or premature ovarian insufficiency.
The most common disorder of the ovaries is polycystic ovary syndrome, which affects 5–10% of women of a reproductive age. In a polycystic ovary, the follicles mature to a certain stage, but then stop growing and fail to release an egg. These follicles appear as cysts in the ovaries on an ultrasound scan. Any abnormality that causes a loss of normal development of the ovaries, such as Turner syndrome, can result in the ovaries not functioning correctly and the loss of a woman's fertility. The ovaries can be damaged by treatments for other conditions, particularly chemotherapy or radiotherapy for cancer treatment.
If a woman stops having menstrual periods during her reproductive years, this condition is called amenorrhoea. It can be caused by a number of factors. These include hypothalamic amenorrhea, which may be caused by having a lean/athletic build, high levels of regular exercise, and psychological stress. In these cases, fertility can be restored by reducing the intensity of exercise, weight gain and psychological interventions such as cognitive behavioural therapy. Disorders of the pituitary gland can affect normal ovarian function because a lack of the hormones normally released from the pituitary gland will reduce the stimulation of hormone production and the development of follicles in the ovaries. Thyroid overactivity (thyrotoxicosis) can lead to amenorrhoea, as can any severe illness.
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